DIAGNOSTICS OF GAS CLUSTER FLOWS BY TRANSVERSE INTENSITY PROFILE OF MOLECULAR BEAM
https://doi.org/10.25205/2541-9447-2018-13-1-80-94
Abstract
An experimental method for diagnostics of clusters in molecular beams formed from supersonic gas jets is described. The method is based on measuring the cross-section profile of the mass intensity of the beam at a given distance behind the skimmer and it allows one to determine the main parameters: the mean cluster size, the ratio of clusters to monomers and the cluster flow density. The described method can be used to diagnose cluster beams of any pure gases, without creating special models or determining empirical constants. Since the cluster beam has a high intensity, highly sensitive and complex equipment is not required for measurements. With this method, the average sizes of Ar clusters in the range from 50 to 2,000 molecules per cluster were determined. The reliability of the obtained values of the mean cluster sizes is confirmed by a comparison of the results with the data of other authors obtained by the various experimental methods using the similarity parameter of flows with condensation (the Hagena parameter) Г*. The physical limitations of the described method were analyzed.
About the Authors
N. G. Korobeishchikov
Novosibirsk State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
M. A. Roenko
Novosibirsk State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
I. V. Nikolaev
Novosibirsk State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Fennel T., Meiwes-Broer K. H., Tiggesbaumker J., Reinhard P. G., Dinh P. M., Suraud E. Laser-driven nonlinear cluster dynamics // Reviews of Modern Physics. 2010. Vol. 82. P. 1793-1843.
2. Boldarev A. S., Faenov A. Y., Fukuda Y., Jinno S., Pikuz T. A., Kando M., Kondo K., Kodama R. Numerical modelling of the cluster targets for their optimization in femtosecond-laser-cluster-driven experiments // Laser and Particle Beams. 2017. Vol. 35. P. 397-408.
3. Matsuo J., Ninomiya S., Yamada H., Ichiki K., Wakamatsu Y., Hada M., Seki T., Aoki T. SIMS with highly excited primary beams for molecular depth profiling and imaging of organic and biological materials // Surface and Interface Analysis. 2010. Vol. 42. P. 1612-1615.
4. Mahoney C. M. Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry of polymers and related materials // Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 2010. Vol. 29. P. 247-293.
5. Shard A. G., Havelund R., Seah M. P., Spencer S. J., Gilmore I. S., Winograd N., Miyayama T., Niehuis E., Rading D., Möllers R. Argon. Cluster Ion Beams for Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study // Analytical Chemistry. 2012. Vol. 84. P. 7865-7873.
6. Yamada I. Materials Processing by Cluster Ion Beams. London: CRC Press, 2016.
7. Yamada I., Matsuo J., Toyoda N., Aoki T., Seki T. Progress and applications of cluster ion beam technology // Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science. 2015. Vol. 19. P. 12-18.
8. Popok V. N. Energetic cluster ion beams: Modification of surfaces and shallow layers // Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports. 2011. Vol. 72. P. 137-157.
9. Hagena O. F. Scaling laws for condensation in nozzle flows // Physics of Fluids. 1974. Vol. 17. P. 894-897.
10. Hagena O. F. Cluster ion sources // Review of Scientific Instruments. 1992. Vol. 63. P. 2374-2380.
11. Hagena O. F. Condensation in free jets: Comparison of rare gases and metals // Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters. 1987. Vol. 4. P. 291-299.
12. Wörmer J., Guzielski V., Stapelfeldt J., Möller T. Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of xenon clusters in the VUV // Chemical Physics Letters. 1989. Vol. 159. P. 321-326.
13. Arno J., Bevan J. W. Infrared spectroscopy in supersonic free jets and molecular beams // Jet Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics. Eds. J. M. Hollas, D. Phillips. London: Blackie Academic, 1995. Р. 29-73.
14. Hagena O. F. Scaling laws for condensation in nozzle flows // Physics of Fluids. 1974. Vol. 17. P. 894-897.
15. Ramos A., J. Fernández M., Tejeda G., Montero S. Quantitative study of cluster growth in free-jet expansions of CO2 by Rayleigh and Raman scattering // Physical Review A. 2005. Vol. 72. P. 053204.
16. Kim K. Y., Kumarappan V., Milchberg H. M. Measurement of the average size and density of clusters in a gas jet // Applied Physics Letters. 2003. Vol. 83. P. 3210-3213.
17. Gupta K. C., Jha N., Deb P., Mishra D. R., Fulora J. K. Determining the mean size and density of clusters, formed in super sonic jets, by Rayleigh scattering and Mach-Zehnder interferometer // Journal of Applied Physics. 2015. Vol. 118. P. 114308.
18. Wörmer J., Joppien M., Möller T. Mass determination of free van der Waals clusters from absorption and scattering measurements // Chemical Physics Letters. 1991. Vol. 182. P. 632-636.
19. Korobeishchikov N. G., Penkov O. I. Simple method to gas cluster size determination based on molecular beam cross-section // Vacuum. 2016. Vol. 125. P. 205-208.
20. Korobeishchikov N. G., Roenko M. A., Tarantsev G. I. Mean Gas Cluster Size Determination from Cluster Beam Cross-Section // Journal of Cluster Science. 2017. Vol. 28. P. 2529-2547.
21. Obert W. Properties of cluster beams formed with supersonic nozzles // Campargue R. Rarefied Gas Dynamics. Ed. by Commissariat a L‘Ene-rgie Atomique. Paris, 1979. Vol. 2. P. 1181.
22. Sharma P. K., Knuth E. L., Young W. S. Species enrichment due to Mach-number focusing in a molecular-beam mass-spectrometer sampling system // Journal of Chemical Physics. 1976. Vol. 64. P. 4345-4352.
23. Korobeishchikov N. G., Kalyada V. V., Skovorodko P. A., Shmakov A. A., Khodakov M. D., Shulschenko G. I., Voskoboynikov R. V., Zarvin A. E. Features of formation of gas cluster ion beams // Vacuum. 2015. Vol. 119. P. 256-263.
24. Yang Sh., Philippe L., Châtelet M. Formation and Characterization of Large (Ar)n, (N2)n, and Mixed (Ar)n(N2)m van der Waals Clusters Produced by Supersonic Expansion // Journal of Cluster Science. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 855-867.
25. Korobeishchikov N. G., Skovorodko P. A., Kalyada V. V., Shmakov A. A., Zarvin A. E. Experimental and Numerical Study of High Intensity Argon Cluster Beams // AIP Conference Proceedings. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics. 2014. Vol. 1628. P. 885-892.
26. Hagena O. F., Obert W. Cluster Formation in Expanding Supersonic Jets: Effect of Pressure, Temperature, Nozzle Size, and Test Gas // Journal of Chemical Physics. 1972. Vol. 56. P. 1793-1803.
27. Karnbach R., Joppien M., Stapelfeldt J., Wörmer J. CLULU: An experimental setup for luminescence measurements on van der Waals clusters with synchrotron radiation // Review of Scientific Instruments. 1993. Vol. 64. P. 2838- 2850.
28. Farges J., de Feraudy M. F., Raoult B., Torchet G. Noncrystalline structure of argon clusters. II. Multilayer icosahedral structure of ArN clusters 50 < N № 750 // Journal of Chemical Physics. 1986. Vol. 84. P. 3491-3502.
29. Данильченко А. Г., Коваленко С. И., Самоваров В. Н. Кластерообразование в сверх-звуковых струях СО2 и CO2 с Kr // Физика низких температур. 2009. Т. 35, вып. 12. С. 1240-1243.
30. De Martino A., Benslimane M., Châtelet M., Crozes C., Pradre F., Vach H. Average cluster size determination in supersonic beams from angular distribution measurements after scattering by a buffer gas // Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters. 1993. Vol. 27. P. 185-192.
31. Cuvellier J., Meynadier P., de Pujo P., Sublemontier O., Visticot J.-P., Berlande J., Lallement A., Mestagh J.-M. A simple method to determine the mean cluster size in a molecular beam // Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters. 1991. Vol. 21. P. 265-269.
32. Yang Sh., Philippe L., Châtelet M. Formation and Characterization of Large (Ar)n, (N2)n, and Mixed (Ar)n(N2)m van der Waals Clusters Produced by Supersonic Expansion // Journal of Cluster Science. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 855-867.
33. Lu H., Ni G., Li R., Xu Zh. An experimental investigation on the performance of conical nozzles for argon cluster formation in supersonic jets // Journal of Chemical Physics. 2010. Vol. 132. P. 124303-124304.
34. Bell A. J., Mestdagh J. M., Berlande J., Biquard X., Cuvellier J., Lallement A., Meynadier P., Sublemontier O., Visticot J.-P. Mean cluster size by Rayleigh scattering // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 1993. Vol. 26. P. 994-997.
35. Miller D. R., Andres R. P. Supersonic Free Jet // 6th Rarified Gas Dynamics (Academic, New York). 1968. Vol. 2. Р. 1385-1402.
36. Cattolica R. J., Gallagher R. J., Anderson J. B., Talbot L. Aerodynamic separation of gases by velocity slip in freejet expansions // AIAA J. 1979. Vol. 17. P. 344-355.
37. Tanaka K., Kato T., Koyono I., Takanashi N., Moriya T., Teshima K. Velocity distribution and velocity slip in supersonic rare gas beams atoms from binary and clusters from pure sources // Proc. of the 14th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics. Tsukuba, Japan, 1984.
38. Rebrov A. K., Skovorodko P. A., Toccoli T., Tonezzer M., Coppede N. Experimental and Numerical Study of Pentacene Molecular Beam Seeded in the Free Jet of Helium // 27th Rarified Gas Dynamics (Academic, New York). 2011. Vol. 1. P. 607.
39. Lazarev A. V., Tatarenko K. A., Amerik A. Yu. Aerodynamic acceleration of heavy particles in a supersonic jet of a binary mixture of gases with disparate-mass components // Physics of Fluids. 2017. Vol. 29. P. 087101.
40. Soga T., Oguchi H. Source flow expansion of gas mixtures into a vacuum // 9th Rarefied Gas Dynamics. Vol. 1. P. B.3.1-B.3.9.
41. Amirav A., Even U., Jortner J. Cooling of large and heavy molecules in seeded supersonic beams // Chem. Phys. 1980. Vol. 51. P. 31.
42. Takanashi N., Teshima K. Numerical analysis of a freejet expansion of binary gas mixture // Proc. of the 14th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics. Tsukuba, Japan, 1984.
43. Raghuraman P., Davidovits P. Velocity slip of gas mixtures in free jet expansions // The Physics of Fluids. 1978. Vol. 21. P. 1485.
44. Miller D. R. Free Jet Sources // Atomic and Molecular Methods. Ed. by G. Scoles. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Cap. II.
45. Abuaf N., Anderson J. B., Andres R. P., Fenn J. B., Marsden P. G. H. Molecular beams with energies above one electron volt // Science. 1967. Vol. 155. P. 997-999.
46. Anderson J. B. Intermediate energy molecular beams from free jets of mixed gases // Entropie. 1967. No. 18. P. 33-37.
Review
For citations:
Korobeishchikov N.G., Roenko M.A., Nikolaev I.V. DIAGNOSTICS OF GAS CLUSTER FLOWS BY TRANSVERSE INTENSITY PROFILE OF MOLECULAR BEAM. SIBERIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. 2018;13(1):80-94. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25205/2541-9447-2018-13-1-80-94
Views:
138
Email this article 